Elizabeth Landau - CNN.com
"If you had any doubts about exposing your child - or yourself - to a foreign language, there's more evidence than ever that being bilingual has enormous benefits for your brain.
Scientists presented their research supporting this idea Friday at the American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting in Washington, D.C.
As the human body begins its natural decline in old age, bilinguals seem to maintain better cognitive function, said Ellen Bialystok of York University in Toronto, Ontario. This is the case even for people with dementia. Bialystok and colleagues have studied many Alzheimer's patients, both monolinguals and bilinguals. They found that bilinguals were on average four to five years older than monolinguals at comparable points of neurological impairment.
Once Alzheimer's disease begins to compromise the brain, it appears that bilinguals can continue to function even though there’s damaged tissue, she said.
So what's going on? One theory is that language learning is an example of "cognitive reserve." It something that keeps the mind active in the same way as puzzles and games do, and works toward compensating for the build-up of dementia-causing pathology in the brain, Bialystok said.
In terms of starting language learning in middle or old age, the likelihood of becoming truly fluent in a new tongue is low, but it seems that every little bit helps in preventing cognitive decline, she said. And proficiency may be more important than age of acquisition, said Judith Kroll, researcher at Pennsylvania State University, before the conference.
Bilinguals are also better than monolinguals at multitasking, Kroll said. Juggling their languages helps bilinguals ignore irrelevant information and prioritize tasks better than those who only can only speak on tongue, she has found in her research. That makes sense considering that when a bilingual person speaks one language, the other language is still potentially active. That means that speakers of two languages are constantly inhibiting one language in favor of another, which perhaps enhances their overall attentional skills.
Why is it so hard for adults to learn a new language, compared with kids? The answer might not lie entirely in the brain. The social, educational, and other circumstantial conditions are different when an adult gets exposure to language, Bialystok said. As a child, learning a language is pretty much all you do. Adults can't devote as much time or attention to the experience of picking up a new tongue.
"It’s a change we can deal with as adults if there’s sufficient time and opportunity," she said.
Are there any downsides to being bilingual? Babies exposed to two languages throughout pregnancy, or who hear two languages in their first days of life, don’t confuse their languages, said Janet Weker of the University of California, Santa Barbara. The scientific evidence suggests bilingual and monolingual kids have similar language development milestones; it appears that children learning two languages do not experience delays in this regard generally.
There is, however, some research suggesting that the competition that’s produced by this mental juggling may introduce a delay in processing. But it’s so small that it’s not something that would be noticeable consciously, Kroll said. It appears that the benefits of being bilingual outweigh the costs."
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Friday, February 18, 2011
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
An 'English goddess' for India's down-trodden
4 February 2011
An 'English goddess' for India's down-trodden
By Geeta Pandey
BBC News, Banka village, Uttar Pradesh
A new goddess has recently been born in India. She's the Dalit Goddess of English.
The Dalit (formerly untouchable) community is building a temple in Banka village in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh to worship the Goddess of the English language, which they believe will help them climb up the social and economic ladder.
About two feet tall, the bronze statue of the goddess is modelled after the Statue of Liberty.
"She is the symbol of Dalit renaissance," says Chandra Bhan Prasad, a Dalit writer who came up with the idea of the Goddess of English.
"She holds a pen in her right hand which shows she is literate. She is dressed well and sports a huge hat - it's a symbol of defiance that she is rejecting the old traditional dress code.
"In her left hand, she holds a book which is the constitution of India which gave Dalits equal rights. She stands on top of a computer which means we will use English to rise up the ladder and become free for ever."
Considered to be at the bottom of the traditional Hindu caste system, the Dalits have been oppressed and discriminated against for centuries.
'Unclean'
Although the caste system was abolished when India gained independence in 1947, prejudices still remain, keeping the Dalits marginalised.
Sanjay Kumar: "To live in a city, you cannot survive without English."
The 200-million-strong community was traditionally engaged in menial jobs which the other higher castes consider "unclean". And the trend continues even today.
The discrimination extended to education too with the school system dominated by the higher castes. Even today in many rural schools, campaigners say Dalit children are not welcome - they are often made to sit and eat separately.
And this is reflected in the literacy rate for the community which at below 55% is almost 10% lower than Indian literacy rates.
Mr Prasad says that in the cities, people know the importance of English. In smaller towns, there is some knowledge of its importance. But in villages, there is no awareness that you need English to get ahead.
"In 20 years," he says, "no jobs would go to anyone in India who doesn't know English. If we don't do something now, the Dalits would not be job worthy."
With the temple to Goddess English, he hopes to attract the villagers to language and learning.
The plan, however, has run into trouble with the authorities.
"The administration said we needed permission to build the temple. We've applied for it now, we hope to get it soon," Mr Prasad says.
The foundation stone was laid in April last year and when I recently visited the Nalanda Public Shiksha Niketan School in Banka, I could see the temple walls had already been built.
Dalits make up nearly 47% of the population of Banka which is estimated to be between 7,000 and 8,000. And the English goddess has generated a lot of excitement - women here can be heard singing Jai Angrezi Devi Maiyaa Ki [Long Live the mother goddess of English].
"The stoppage of work on the temple has affected morale," says Nalanda school principal Shiv Shankar Lal Nigam.
He says the importance of English cannot be overstated in today's India.
"It's not possible to get by in today's world without English. Even to communicate with people in other Indian states, you need to know either the local language or English. Since you cannot learn multiple Indian languages, English has to be used as the link language."
English, he believes, will increase the Dalit youths' chances of getting into institutes of higher education and improve their employment prospects.
Roar of ambition
For Satinder Kumar, a Dalit student in the 11th grade, English is the magic key. He believes it will open the door to a better future.
The community believes English is the key to future success
"I want to study English and then I want to be an English teacher," he tells me. "The language will help me communicate better with other people."
For the Dalits of Banka village, English is the only means their children have for escaping grinding poverty.
Farmer Sanjay Kumar knows no English, but he dreams that his one-year-old daughter Naina will learn the language and have a better life.
"It's very important to know English," he tells me. "If you want to be a doctor or an engineer or a teacher, you must know English. If you want to live in a city, you cannot survive without English."
"They say Hindi is our national language, but all official work is done in English. If you don't know English, you are a failure," says farm-worker Om Prakash.
Labourer Sarvesh Kumar says Dalits were never respected and "whatever little we have gained is because of the efforts of Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar" [Dalit thinker and the architect of the Indian constitution].
"Ambedkar said English was the milk of a lioness, he said only those who drink it will roar," Chandra Bhan Prasad says.
He says with the blessings of Goddess English, Dalit children will not grow to serve landlords or skin dead animals or clean drains or raise pigs and buffaloes.
They will grow into adjudicators and become employers and benefactors.
Then the roar of the Dalits, he says, will be heard by one and all.
link
An 'English goddess' for India's down-trodden
By Geeta Pandey
BBC News, Banka village, Uttar Pradesh
A new goddess has recently been born in India. She's the Dalit Goddess of English.
The Dalit (formerly untouchable) community is building a temple in Banka village in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh to worship the Goddess of the English language, which they believe will help them climb up the social and economic ladder.
About two feet tall, the bronze statue of the goddess is modelled after the Statue of Liberty.
"She is the symbol of Dalit renaissance," says Chandra Bhan Prasad, a Dalit writer who came up with the idea of the Goddess of English.
"She holds a pen in her right hand which shows she is literate. She is dressed well and sports a huge hat - it's a symbol of defiance that she is rejecting the old traditional dress code.
"In her left hand, she holds a book which is the constitution of India which gave Dalits equal rights. She stands on top of a computer which means we will use English to rise up the ladder and become free for ever."
Considered to be at the bottom of the traditional Hindu caste system, the Dalits have been oppressed and discriminated against for centuries.
'Unclean'
Although the caste system was abolished when India gained independence in 1947, prejudices still remain, keeping the Dalits marginalised.
Sanjay Kumar: "To live in a city, you cannot survive without English."
The 200-million-strong community was traditionally engaged in menial jobs which the other higher castes consider "unclean". And the trend continues even today.
The discrimination extended to education too with the school system dominated by the higher castes. Even today in many rural schools, campaigners say Dalit children are not welcome - they are often made to sit and eat separately.
And this is reflected in the literacy rate for the community which at below 55% is almost 10% lower than Indian literacy rates.
Mr Prasad says that in the cities, people know the importance of English. In smaller towns, there is some knowledge of its importance. But in villages, there is no awareness that you need English to get ahead.
"In 20 years," he says, "no jobs would go to anyone in India who doesn't know English. If we don't do something now, the Dalits would not be job worthy."
With the temple to Goddess English, he hopes to attract the villagers to language and learning.
The plan, however, has run into trouble with the authorities.
"The administration said we needed permission to build the temple. We've applied for it now, we hope to get it soon," Mr Prasad says.
The foundation stone was laid in April last year and when I recently visited the Nalanda Public Shiksha Niketan School in Banka, I could see the temple walls had already been built.
Dalits make up nearly 47% of the population of Banka which is estimated to be between 7,000 and 8,000. And the English goddess has generated a lot of excitement - women here can be heard singing Jai Angrezi Devi Maiyaa Ki [Long Live the mother goddess of English].
"The stoppage of work on the temple has affected morale," says Nalanda school principal Shiv Shankar Lal Nigam.
He says the importance of English cannot be overstated in today's India.
"It's not possible to get by in today's world without English. Even to communicate with people in other Indian states, you need to know either the local language or English. Since you cannot learn multiple Indian languages, English has to be used as the link language."
English, he believes, will increase the Dalit youths' chances of getting into institutes of higher education and improve their employment prospects.
Roar of ambition
For Satinder Kumar, a Dalit student in the 11th grade, English is the magic key. He believes it will open the door to a better future.
The community believes English is the key to future success
"I want to study English and then I want to be an English teacher," he tells me. "The language will help me communicate better with other people."
For the Dalits of Banka village, English is the only means their children have for escaping grinding poverty.
Farmer Sanjay Kumar knows no English, but he dreams that his one-year-old daughter Naina will learn the language and have a better life.
"It's very important to know English," he tells me. "If you want to be a doctor or an engineer or a teacher, you must know English. If you want to live in a city, you cannot survive without English."
"They say Hindi is our national language, but all official work is done in English. If you don't know English, you are a failure," says farm-worker Om Prakash.
Labourer Sarvesh Kumar says Dalits were never respected and "whatever little we have gained is because of the efforts of Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar" [Dalit thinker and the architect of the Indian constitution].
"Ambedkar said English was the milk of a lioness, he said only those who drink it will roar," Chandra Bhan Prasad says.
He says with the blessings of Goddess English, Dalit children will not grow to serve landlords or skin dead animals or clean drains or raise pigs and buffaloes.
They will grow into adjudicators and become employers and benefactors.
Then the roar of the Dalits, he says, will be heard by one and all.
link
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